Radiographic technique is used for producing the images of the internal composition of different substances, or they may also be used for viewing the minute substances as in crystallography. The rays that are used in the radiographic technique are highly energetic and therefore they penetrate into the lightly dense substances. However, the use of these rays in modifying the shape or the body on which they are focused is not included in the radiographic technique. It is used just, for the detection of problems or abnormalities or in research in which, it is useful for knowing the structure of different substances.

During use of the radiographic technique, the object that is to be analyzed is bombarded with a beam of high-energy waves as the X-rays. They pass through it and emerge thought the other side. Then further, these rays fall on the detector. Then detector produces the image, which is used for analysis. The units used for the measurement of the X-rays in the radiographic technique are the rem and sivet. The sivet is the larger one and 100 rems=1Sv.

The principle behind this radiographic technique is that the X-rays pass through the lesser dense materials. However, their passivity decreases with increasing density. The object that is to be analyzed is composed of different regions according to their densities.

When the X-rays pass through these regions, they get affected because of the densities of the constituents. Therefore, when they emerge through the body they emerge in such a pattern that depicts the internal structure of the object. Therefore, if they are analyzed then the image of the internal structure of the object can be obtained. This job is done by the detector.

The detectors that are commonly used for the detection in the radiographic technique are the photographic plates, or the photographic films, the scintilators and the photodiodes.

Out of these, the photographic plates and films are the most common.

This technique can detect such things that are not possible to detect with the help of the other methods. In addition to this, the apparatus, which is required for the radiographic technique, is limited and therefore, it can be commonly used in the medical and the industrial applications.

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Once the film is exposed, it is developed with different solutions. Fixing and developing is done under suitable and controlled temperature followed by drying of the films. This process converts the obtained latent images in to permanent impression on the radiographic plates. Developed films are called as the radiographs. Some time images are dark and sometime those may be bright, brightness or darkness of the impression is image contrast.

This is the function of film development. Sensitivity of the image obtained on radiographic plate depends on the resolution. This sensitivity can be affected by exposing parameters like amperage, voltage, source, film distance and time, subject sharpness or evenness, image contrast, film density, processing techniques and film quality. We can measure the sensitivity of various materials with different parameters according to the specifications.

Radiography has become the effective medium to study, diagnose and treat diseases. Though this is one of the major uses of radiography, it has wide scope in various fields of industry and medicine. Industrial radiography was discovered in 18th century in the form of x-rays and ?-rays. First industrial radiography was done with ? radiograph of the aluminum material however, eventually various isotopes came in to the picture for industrial radiography. Though radiography was just invented, focus now shifted to how radiography works.

Besides radiography, ultrasonic techniques are also used for non-destructive evaluation of an object for its internal reliability. However, in intricate casting an ultrasonic technique fails to detect internal flaws. Because of this reason, radiography has higher priority than the ultrasonic testing. This way you can help people understand how radiography works.

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Radiotherapy is also known as radiation therapy. It is used in medical departments for ionizing the radiation for the treatment of cancer for controlling the malignant cells. Radiotherapy is used as adjuvant or a curative treatment of cancer. Total body irradiation is a technique of radiotherapy that is used for preparing the body for receiving a transplant of the bone marrow.

Radiography is used in industrial as well medical applications. It is used to ionize the electromagnetic radiations for seeing the objects. There are some applications of radiotherapy in non-malignant conditions like treating severe thyroid eye disease, trigeminal neuralgia, and pterygium, prevention of heterotopic ossification and keloid scar growth.

The radiography and radiotherapy are interrelated terms that play an important role in many of the stages of the patient’s treatment as well as in out day-to-day life.

* Managing the side effects that will be caused after taking radiotherapy.

* They have to provide information regarding pre-treatment as well as support to the patients initially in their referral clinics.

* Plan the schedule for the radiotherapy as well as radiography.

* They are solely responsible for the precise application and evaluation of the day-to-day treatment prescribed to them.

* They have to follow-up and support at the time of post-treatment.

The radiographer and the radiotherapist need the following qualities in common:

* They need to have the willingness to take over the responsibilities and able to work precisely, safely, rapidly and make quick decisions.

* A high level of confidence and competence to handle even the most complicated situation.

* A caring and a compassionate nature with a desire to acquire new skills and knowledge.

The different types of radiography and radiotherapy are as follows;

There are different types of radiography that includes fluoroscopy, mammography, dental radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound.

Radiotherapy includes external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) or teletherapy, proton therapy, brachytherapy, unsealed source radiotherapy and sealed source radiotherapy.

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Major use of radiography: Radiography is known for the use of x-rays to view hidden or tough to capture objects. In a normal “optical” method non-ionizing radiations such as visible light and ultraviolet light are used to view objects. People misunderstand radiography as the modification of an object through the use of ionizing radiation. The concept radiography is different. Radiotherapy changes according to the character of the object and the proposed outcome. The technology is also used in radiation processing or food irradiation. It has vast area of operation. Don’t limit it in a small thought.

Do not think that Radiography is used in only medical field. Is has its industrial applications as well; If the object being is a human or an animal, it is termed as medical, and everything other is industrial radiographic work. One can use it for both the terms.

The use of radiography is very old as started in 1895 with the discovery of X-rays. It is also known as Roentgen rays after the man who first explained their properties in rigorous detail. Hence the X-ray was found to be a type of electromagnetic radiation.

X-rays were used for diagnostics very early as before the dangers of ionizing radiation were exposed. Initially, radiography is conducted in hospitals by many kinds of staff, including photographers, physicists, nurses, doctors and engineers. It’s all about radiography use.

Radiography equipment users should get trained and develop themselves for handling the equipment. However you can’t use the equipment casually. It should be handled with great care and precautions. Radiographers must know all about radiography equipments.

The recent and modern form of radiography is computed radiography. All things got computerized so as radiography. It is more popular because of the use and perfection in work.

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Neutron radiographic testing is a version of the radiographic testing. This method uses neutrons rather than photons for penetrating into different materials. This allows visualizing a number of things from the x-rays. This is so because the neutrons have the capacity of passing easily through steel and lead, but they are obstructed by water, oil and plastics.

Before starting the radiographic testing, it is always suggested for examining the component with your own eyes for eliminating the external defects, if any. If the weld surface is found to be irregular, then it needs to be grinded for obtaining a smooth and an even finish. Defects like planar cracks and delaminations cannot be detected by radiographic testing because the penetrants are frequently used for enhancing the contrast in detecting such kinds of defects.

Radiographic testing is a method that is used for detecting the internal defects in the welds, castings or forgings by exposure either to the gamma ray radiation or to the x-rays. They detect these defects by the differences in the amount of the absorption of the radiation in the material as observed on the shadow graph. This shadow graph is displayed on a fluorescent screen or a photographic film.

Radiographic testing is a sensitive and a highly effective method that can be used on thick walled welded pipe. It has the capacity of detecting the defects that extends in the direction of the beam of the radiation. It is limited to the actual weld and its adjoining area. As such, there are no limitations associated with radiographic testing in terms of size. It presents the normal method of testing the tubes having the wall thickness greater than 4 mm that is completely a non-destructive method. Radiographic testing is also often used as partial inspection like one film for each tube or one film from the end of every tube.

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Proton radiography has many applications in medical science, industry and scientific research. This technique is used to observe small particles such as protons. This technique is used without experimenting with high explosive such as hydrodynamic explosives. These proton radiographic tools are useful to examine behavior, performance and aging characteristics of components.

Protons are positively charged particles as compare to electrons and neutrons. Protons have strong electromagnetic interactions, which can be of 10 to 15 neon- meters. Protons usually interact with other protons and neutrons by colliding with them. Material cross section will help to determine the proximity of protons collisions in an atom.

Proton radiography has helped in nuclear medicine; this branch of medical science involves study of tiny structures such as body tissues with the help of radioactive tracer. The most important tracers used for proton radiography are iodine-123, thallium-201 and iodine-131. Most of important body organs are observed by proton radiography technique such as s heart, lungs, thyroid, liver, gallbladder and bones. Proton radiography is also called nuclear medicine, which is commonly used to observe particular conditions.

Proton radiography is useful in displaying physiological function and excretory function such as kidneys, blood flow in heart, muscles etc. It is based on gamma camera as imaging device, which is used to display body images. Proton radiographic images will be evaluated by computer, which can be displayed as axial, coronal and sigttal images. This method is a backbone of nuclear medicine, which measures atomic structures, and thus it helps to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Most of proton radiographic devices are based on radio active substance such as fluorine or fluorodeoxyglucose.these substances are injected into patient’s body and the radiation extracted by patient helps to produce multi-planar images of the body, this images are necessary to detect cancer and other diseases.

There are several other applications of proton radiography such as bone scanning, detecting cancer, myocardial perfusion imaging molecular imaging, cardic bypass grafting, amgioplasty, stenting and myocardialsischema etc.

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There are many medical applications of projectional radiography such as mammography, intraoral radiography, proton radiography etc

Mammogram in radiography is useful to create images by using doses of ionzing radiation. Radiologists analysis these images to see any abdominal growth of breasts. Usually mammograms are useful in physical breast examination to detect breast cancer. Mammograms are useful than other techniques to detect breast cancer. There are other techniques, which are used with mammography technique such as magnetic resonance, ultrasound, ductography etc. Ultrasound is used to detect palpable masses, which are not seen through mammograms. Ductograms are useful to evaluate bloody nibble discharge. Magnetic resonance image technique is quite useful when mammograms are failed to give further information.

Medical applications of projectional radiography include intraoral radiography, which is used by dentists to unwrap mouth related diseases. It allows dentists to look inside the mouth and study structures below the gum line. Intraoral radiography allows dentists to reveal tooth related diseases such as abnormal tooth or unexpected bleeding. It also helps to find the presence of unrequited teeth

Proton radiography is a one of the medical applications of projectional radiography. This has many applications in medical science, industry and scientific research. This technique is used to observe small particles such as protons. This technique is used without experimenting with high explosive such as hydrodynamic explosives. These proton radiographic tools are useful to examine behavior, performance and aging characteristics of components

Medical applications of projectional radiography also include stereoscopic or three-dimensional radiographs. These three-dimensional radiographs are obtained by using high-speed Cathode tube (CT) scanning system… In this method, radiation beams are generated by sweeping the electron beam along the target. The set of detectors receive the parallel beams of X-rays emitted by this target after passing through the patient’s body, which is between the target and set of detectors.

Many diagnosis procedures are including medical applications of projectional radiography, which is necessary to give correct diagnosis treatments.

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Method of using MRI in radiography: The equipment for radiography composes of a cylindrical magnetic chamber. During the process for MRI, the patient is kept in this chamber. This cylinder produces a beam of radio waves having strength of about 10,000 to 30,000 times than that of the gravity. When they are passed through the body, they are affected by the magnetic field of nuclei of atoms present in it.

Generally, the reactions with the hydrogen atoms present in the different parts of the body and their effects are used for developing the MRI scan. The parts that compose of the least number of hydrogen atoms appear dark in the scans and vice versa. These scans are the image produced by detection system. For taking the images of the different parts in the body, the characteristics of the radio wave pulses are altered. Thus by doing so, the MRI in radiography is applied to the different parts in the body.

Problems, which the MRI in radiography can detect: The use of the MRI in radiotherapy can show the details of all the parts in the body. Moreover, the pictures that are obtained through the MRI contain very minute details. Therefore, they can be used for detecting very small and minute changes or abnormalities in the body. Consequently, the MRI scans can show the small tumors. Hence, they can be used for detecting the beginning of cancer in the body. However, the main application of MRI in radiography is for detecting the tumors in the brain. It can also show the places where bleeding is occurring in the brain, or the places whose oxygen supply has been blocked.

The MRI in radiography can also be used for the imaging of the heart and the blood vessels. In these images, it is possible to detect any abnormality in the heart. This may be present from the time of birth, or may develop later as thickening of the muscles of the heart, which could lead to heart blockages, etc.

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In Direct Radiography process, there is no need of takes and retakes of images. This process simplifies the filling of the images, and increases consultation capability, because of electronic transmission of the digital images. Besides all these things, most important thing is that Direct Radiography saves money and time considerably. Cassettes used in the direct radiography are unique and there are two types of cassettes available to capture the images. One between the two cassettes uses only semiconductor that captures X-ray Ariel image and converts it directly in to the digital image.

Another type of cassette uses semiconductors and phosphor storage screen just like increasing screens found in film screen cassette. By capturing image, it is then send to the systems image processor for processing and storage. The software used in these digital cassettes, responds extensive array of X-ray exposure energy. This facility is useful to give flexibility to select various X-ray techniques without fear of over or under exposure. All the digital cassettes display images correctly.

For stationary use, digital cassette is permanently mounted in cassette cabinets and for portable applications; these cassettes can fit in conventional cassette tray. However, it does not have portable cable attachment to the image-processing unit. Exposure of the cassette is same as that of the film. To get the digital image, digital cassettes are connected to the image processor through electric scanning. Scanner will automatically scan for the images soon after exposure. In the Direct Radiography cassette image processor, converts cassette information in to digital image.

Working of the Direct Radiography processor is different from conventional film processing or CR systems. In the direct radiography, the image processor automatically reads image. Besides this, time requirement to generate digital image is quite less than other conventional methods.

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The dental region comprises of complex structures of bones and cartilages. Hence, it is difficult to take the panoramic radiographs with the procedure and equipments for ordinary radiography. Therefore, for this purpose, special types of tools and equipments are being used. These have some special features according to the requirements of the images taken. They have exposing and controlling systems, which facilitate the captivating of the images for panoramic radiography. In addition to this, they have the magnification and focusing controls, which enable the radiographs to be focused at the required point.

In addition to the equipments for taking the radiographs, in the panoramic radiography, the sitting arrangement for the patient too, is of special type. The patient’s mouth should be positioned properly, and therefore the panoramic machines usually are available with such an arrangement. If the mouth is not positioned properly, the region of interest may go away from the focal trough, and blurred images are obtained.

The images that the panoramic radiography provides, i.e. the panoramic radiograph consist, includes the regions of the mandibulate shaped region of the mouth. The location of the condyles should be around an inch inside the film and 1/3rd of the distance from top to the bottom. This view should contain the entire dental region and the surrounding parts as, the facial bones, condoyle parts of the maxillary sinus, and the nasal complexes.

In addition to this, in the panoramic radiography, the other types of views are also taken according to the requirements. These may include the views from the lateral sides of the head, etc.

Panoramic Radiography is useful for diagnosing the dental problems. Therefore, it is used to know how deep the tooth decay has reached. It is also useful for knowing the health and the problems of the gums. In the ideal times, it is used for knowing the strength and health of the teeth. Because of this, in some cases, it is also possible to know the problem right in the begging, and before the surfacing of their results.

The panoramic radiography is also done after any treatment in the dental region. This is useful for knowing the progress of the patient since the treatment.

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